Overview
Pyloric stenosis is a condition in which the muscle at the lower end of the stomach, called the pylorus, becomes abnormally thickened. This thickening blocks food from entering the small intestine, leading to forceful vomiting and feeding problems in young infants.
Who Is Affected?
Pyloric stenosis typically appears between 2 to 8 weeks of age. It is more common in boys than girls and may run in families.
Signs and Symptoms
- Forceful (projectile) vomiting after feeding
- Constant hunger despite vomiting
- Weight loss or poor weight gain
- Fewer wet diapers (signs of dehydration)
- A visible wave-like movement in the abdomen after feeding
- A small, firm “olive-shaped” lump in the upper abdomen (sometimes felt by a doctor)
Causes
The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of:
- Physical examination
- Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen
- Blood tests to check for dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
Treatment
The definitive treatment for pyloric stenosis is a surgical procedure called pyloromyotomy, which involves splitting the thickened pyloric muscle to allow food to pass through normally. The surgery is usually done through a small incision or laparoscopically. Most infants recover quickly and begin feeding normally within a few hours to days.
Prognosis
With prompt treatment, the outcome is excellent. Most infants go on to feed and grow normally after surgery.
When to Seek Help
Parents should seek medical attention if their baby is persistently vomiting after feeding, shows signs of dehydration, or is not gaining weight appropriately.